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Small business owners often compare different types of financing when planning to borrow. Two options that frequently come up are SBA loans and traditional bank loans.
These loan types share some similarities but differ in terms of structure, eligibility, and purpose. Understanding how they work can help clarify the differences between an SBA loan vs bank loan.
This article explains the key features of SBA loans, how they compare to conventional business loans, and how to evaluate which may fit specific business needs.
What Are SBA Loans?
SBA loans are business loans partially backed by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The SBA doesn't lend money directly. Instead, it works with approved private lenders such as banks, credit unions, and online lenders.
The SBA provides a loan guarantee, which means it agrees to repay a portion of the loan (typically 50% to 90%) if the borrower defaults. This guarantee reduces the lender's risk and makes it more likely that the lender will approve borrowers with limited credit history or fewer assets. However, SBA default rates surged to 3.7% in 2024, the highest since 2012, driven by relaxed underwriting and increased subprime lending.
There are several types of SBA loans, each serving different business needs:
- SBA 7(a) Loan: The most common SBA loan. Used for working capital, equipment, real estate, or debt refinancing. Loan amounts up to $5 million.
- SBA 504 Loan: Used to finance fixed assets such as commercial real estate or machinery. Offers long-term, fixed-rate financing.
- SBA Microloan: Provides smaller loan amounts (up to $50,000) for startups, smaller businesses, or those in underserved communities.
When comparing an SBA loan vs conventional loan, the key difference is the government guarantee. This guarantee can make SBA loans more accessible to businesses that don't meet traditional lending standards.
What Are Conventional Business Loans?
Conventional business loans (also called traditional business loans or commercial loans) come directly from banks, credit unions, or other financial institutions without government backing.
A conventional loan is financing where the lender decides whether to approve the loan based entirely on the borrower's financial profile. The lender sets the terms, reviews the application, and assumes full risk if the borrower fails to repay.
Lenders offering conventional business loans use their own criteria to determine approval. This includes reviewing the borrower's credit score, business financials, time in business, and repayment history.
Key characteristics of traditional business loans include:
- Funded directly by banks or private lenders
- Not backed by any government agency
- Approval depends on the lender's risk assessment
- Often require collateral for larger loan amounts
- May carry both fixed and variable interest rates
- Commonly used for expansion, equipment, or property purchases
Key Differences Between SBA and Bank Loans
SBA loans and conventional loans differ in structure, approval requirements, and terms. Here's how they compare:
1. Structure and Government Backing
The fundamental difference in an SBA loan vs bank loan comparison is the government guarantee. With SBA loans, the government agrees to repay a portion if the borrower defaults. This reduces risk for lenders. Recent data shows a 38% decline in average SBA loan size since 2021 (from $704,581 to $435,827), driven by higher interest rates and cautious borrowing.
Conventional loans are backed entirely by the lender, with no outside guarantee. This higher risk often leads to stricter approval requirements.
2. Interest Rates and Fees
SBA loans have maximum interest rates set by the government. These rates are tied to the prime rate plus an additional percentage, typically ranging from 7-11% depending on loan amount and term.
Conventional loan rates are set by individual lenders without government limits. Rates typically range from 6-13% or higher, based on the borrower's creditworthiness.
Additional costs to consider:
- SBA loans: Include guarantee fees (0.25-3.5% of the guaranteed portion)
- Conventional loans: May include origination fees (1-3% of loan amount) and prepayment penalties
3. Repayment Terms
SBA loans generally offer longer repayment periods:
- Real estate: up to 25 years
- Equipment: up to 10 years
- Working capital: up to 10 years
Conventional loans typically have shorter terms:
- Real estate: 5-10 years
- Equipment: 3-7 years
- Working capital: 1-5 years
Longer terms mean lower monthly payments but potentially more interest paid over time.
4. Eligibility Requirements
SBA loans and conventional loans have different qualification standards:
For SBA loans:
- Credit score: Usually 620-640 minimum
- Business history: Often at least 1 year in operation
- Revenue: Varies by lender, commonly starts around $100,000
- Other requirements: Must be for-profit, operate in the U.S., and meet SBA size standards
For conventional loans:
- Credit score: Typically 680+ minimum
- Business history: Usually 2+ years required
- Revenue: Often $250,000+ annual revenue
- Documentation: Detailed financial statements and strong cash flow
In the SBA loan vs bank loan comparison, SBA loans tend to be more accessible for newer businesses or those with lower credit scores.
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Who Qualifies for Each Option?
Understanding qualification requirements helps determine which loan type is more suitable for your business situation.
SBA loan qualifications:
- Personal credit score in the 620-640 range
- Business operating for at least 12 months (some exceptions for startups)
- Demonstrated ability to repay the loan
- For-profit business located in the U.S.
- Personal guarantee from owners with 20%+ ownership
Conventional loan qualifications:
- Personal credit score of 680 or higher
- Business operating for at least 2-3 years
- Strong, consistent revenue history
- Detailed financial documentation
- Collateral often required
- Solid debt-to-income ratio
The SBA loan vs business loan qualification difference centers on flexibility. SBA loans accommodate businesses with less established histories, while conventional loans favor businesses with proven track records.
Refinancing from SBA to Conventional Loans
Some businesses consider refinancing an SBA loan to a conventional loan after improving their financial position. This means replacing an SBA-guaranteed loan with a new loan from a private lender without government backing.
Potential advantages of refinancing include:
- Lower interest rates if the business has improved its credit
- Removal of SBA-specific restrictions on how funds can be used
- Elimination of SBA guarantee fees
Possible drawbacks include:
- Stricter qualification requirements
- Shorter repayment terms leading to higher monthly payments
- Potential prepayment penalties on the original SBA loan
When considering whether to refinance SBA loan to conventional financing, businesses should compare total costs, including fees, interest rates, and monthly payment amounts.
Pros and Cons of Each Loan Type
Both SBA loans and conventional bank loans have distinct advantages and disadvantages:
SBA Loan Pros:
- Lower down payments (typically 10-15%)
- Longer repayment terms
- More accessible for newer or smaller businesses
- Capped interest rates
SBA Loan Cons:
- Lengthy application process (30-90 days)
- Additional paperwork requirements
- SBA guarantee fees
- Restrictions on how funds can be used
Conventional Loan Pros:
- Potentially lower interest rates for well-qualified borrowers
- Faster approval process (2-4 weeks)
- Fewer restrictions on fund usage
- No government paperwork or guarantee fees
Conventional Loan Cons:
- Stricter eligibility requirements
- Higher down payments (typically 20-30%)
- Shorter repayment terms
- Less flexibility for businesses with limited history
When comparing SBA loan vs commercial loan options, businesses must weigh these factors against their specific needs and qualifications.
How to Choose the Right Option
Selecting between an SBA loan and a conventional business loan depends on several factors:
Assess Your Credit and Revenue
Your credit score and business revenue significantly impact which loan type you might qualify for:
- Credit scores below 680 may find SBA loans more accessible
- Well-established businesses with strong credit may benefit from conventional loan rates
- Newer businesses often find SBA loans more attainable
Consider Timing Needs
The urgency of your funding requirements matters:
- Need funds quickly? Conventional loans typically process faster
- Can wait 30-90 days? SBA loans might offer better terms
- Application complexity is greater with SBA loans
Match Loan Purpose to Loan Type
Different loan types work better for specific purposes:
- Real estate purchases benefit from SBA 504 loans' long terms
- Working capital needs might be met by either loan type
- Equipment purchases could use either, depending on amount and timeline
Making Your Decision
When deciding between an SBA loan vs bank loan, consider these key points:
- Financial profile: SBA loans work well for businesses with less established credit or shorter operating histories. Conventional loans favor businesses with strong financials and credit.
- Funding timeline: SBA loans take longer but may offer better terms. Conventional loans fund faster but may have stricter requirements.
- Long-term plans: SBA loans provide longer repayment periods, making them suitable for major investments. Conventional loans often have shorter terms but may offer competitive rates for qualified borrowers.
- Collateral availability: SBA loans may be more flexible when collateral is limited. Conventional loans typically require specific collateral.
Both SBA loans and conventional business loans can provide valuable financing. The best choice depends on your business's specific situation, qualifications, and needs.
FAQs About SBA Loans vs Bank Loans
What is the minimum credit score needed for an SBA loan?
Most SBA lenders look for personal credit scores of at least 620-640, though requirements vary by lender and loan program.
How long does it take to get approved for an SBA loan compared to a conventional loan?
SBA loans typically take 30-90 days for approval and funding, while conventional bank loans often complete in 2-4 weeks.
Can startups qualify for SBA or conventional business loans?
Startups may qualify for certain SBA programs like microloans, while conventional loans typically require at least 2 years in business.
What are the maximum loan amounts available through SBA vs conventional loans?
SBA 7(a) loans offer up to $5 million, while conventional loan maximums vary by lender and are based on the business's financial strength.
Is collateral required for SBA and conventional business loans?
SBA loans may be approved with limited collateral if other aspects of the application are strong. Conventional loans typically require specific collateral, especially for larger amounts.